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Documents authored by Wajc, David

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.111
Beating the Folklore Algorithm for Dynamic Matching

Authors: Mohammad Roghani, Amin Saberi, and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 215, 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)

Abstract
The maximum matching problem in dynamic graphs subject to edge updates (insertions and deletions) has received much attention over the last few years; a multitude of approximation/time tradeoffs were obtained, improving upon the folklore algorithm, which maintains a maximal (and hence 2-approximate) matching in O(n) worst-case update time in n-node graphs. We present the first deterministic algorithm which outperforms the folklore algorithm in terms of both approximation ratio and worst-case update time. Specifically, we give a (2-Ω(1))-approximate algorithm with O(m^{3/8}) = O(n^{3/4}) worst-case update time in n-node, m-edge graphs. For sufficiently small constant ε > 0, no deterministic (2+ε)-approximate algorithm with worst-case update time O(n^{0.99}) was known. Our second result is the first deterministic (2+ε)-approximate weighted matching algorithm with O_ε(1)⋅ O(∜{m}) = O_ε(1)⋅ O(√n) worst-case update time. Neither of our results were previously known to be achievable by a randomized algorithm against an adaptive adversary. Our main technical contributions are threefold: first, we characterize the tight cases for kernels, which are the well-studied matching sparsifiers underlying much of the (2+ε)-approximate dynamic matching literature. This characterization, together with multiple ideas - old and new - underlies our result for breaking the approximation barrier of 2. Our second technical contribution is the first example of a dynamic matching algorithm whose running time is improved due to improving the recourse of other dynamic matching algorithms. Finally, we show how to use dynamic bipartite matching algorithms as black-box subroutines for dynamic matching in general graphs without incurring the natural 3/2 factor in the approximation ratio which such approaches naturally incur (reminiscent of the integrality gap of the fractional matching polytope in general graphs).
Cite as

Mohammad Roghani, Amin Saberi, and David Wajc. Beating the Folklore Algorithm for Dynamic Matching. In 13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 215, pp. 111:1-111:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{roghani_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.111,
  author =	{Roghani, Mohammad and Saberi, Amin and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Beating the Folklore Algorithm for Dynamic Matching}},
  booktitle =	{13th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2022)},
  pages =	{111:1--111:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-217-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{215},
  editor =	{Braverman, Mark},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.111},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-157077},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2022.111},
  annote =	{Keywords: dynamic matching, dynamic graph algorithms, sublinear algorithms}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.78
Near-Optimal Schedules for Simultaneous Multicasts

Authors: Bernhard Haeupler, D. Ellis Hershkowitz, and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)

Abstract
We study the store-and-forward packet routing problem for simultaneous multicasts, in which multiple packets have to be forwarded along given trees as fast as possible. This is a natural generalization of the seminal work of Leighton, Maggs and Rao, which solved this problem for unicasts, i.e. the case where all trees are paths. They showed the existence of asymptotically optimal O(C + D)-length schedules, where the congestion C is the maximum number of packets sent over an edge and the dilation D is the maximum depth of a tree. This improves over the trivial O(CD) length schedules. We prove a lower bound for multicasts, which shows that there do not always exist schedules of non-trivial length, o(CD). On the positive side, we construct O(C+D+log² n)-length schedules in any n-node network. These schedules are near-optimal, since our lower bound shows that this length cannot be improved to O(C+D) + o(log n).
Cite as

Bernhard Haeupler, D. Ellis Hershkowitz, and David Wajc. Near-Optimal Schedules for Simultaneous Multicasts. In 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 78:1-78:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{haeupler_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.78,
  author =	{Haeupler, Bernhard and Hershkowitz, D. Ellis and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Near-Optimal Schedules for Simultaneous Multicasts}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{78:1--78:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.78},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-141471},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.78},
  annote =	{Keywords: Packet routing, multicast, scheduling algorithms}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.109
The Greedy Algorithm Is not Optimal for On-Line Edge Coloring

Authors: Amin Saberi and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)

Abstract
Nearly three decades ago, Bar-Noy, Motwani and Naor showed that no online edge-coloring algorithm can edge color a graph optimally. Indeed, their work, titled "the greedy algorithm is optimal for on-line edge coloring", shows that the competitive ratio of 2 of the naïve greedy algorithm is best possible online. However, their lower bound required bounded-degree graphs, of maximum degree Δ = O(log n), which prompted them to conjecture that better bounds are possible for higher-degree graphs. While progress has been made towards resolving this conjecture for restricted inputs and arrivals or for random arrival orders, an answer for fully general adversarial arrivals remained elusive. We resolve this thirty-year-old conjecture in the affirmative, presenting a (1.9+o(1))-competitive online edge coloring algorithm for general graphs of degree Δ = ω(log n) under vertex arrivals. At the core of our results, and of possible independent interest, is a new online algorithm which rounds a fractional bipartite matching x online under vertex arrivals, guaranteeing that each edge e is matched with probability (1/2+c)⋅ x_e, for a constant c > 0.027.
Cite as

Amin Saberi and David Wajc. The Greedy Algorithm Is not Optimal for On-Line Edge Coloring. In 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 109:1-109:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{saberi_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.109,
  author =	{Saberi, Amin and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{The Greedy Algorithm Is not Optimal for On-Line Edge Coloring}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{109:1--109:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.109},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-141786},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.109},
  annote =	{Keywords: Online algorithms, edge coloring, greedy, online matching}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.67
Stochastic Online Metric Matching

Authors: Anupam Gupta, Guru Guruganesh, Binghui Peng, and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
We study the minimum-cost metric perfect matching problem under online i.i.d arrivals. We are given a fixed metric with a server at each of the points, and then requests arrive online, each drawn independently from a known probability distribution over the points. Each request has to be matched to a free server, with cost equal to the distance. The goal is to minimize the expected total cost of the matching. Such stochastic arrival models have been widely studied for the maximization variants of the online matching problem; however, the only known result for the minimization problem is a tight O(log n)-competitiveness for the random-order arrival model. This is in contrast with the adversarial model, where an optimal competitive ratio of O(log n) has long been conjectured and remains a tantalizing open question. In this paper, we show that the i.i.d model admits substantially better algorithms: our main result is an O((log log log n)^2)-competitive algorithm in this model, implying a strict separation between the i.i.d model and the adversarial and random order models. Along the way we give a 9-competitive algorithm for the line and tree metrics - the first O(1)-competitive algorithm for any non-trivial arrival model for these much-studied metrics.
Cite as

Anupam Gupta, Guru Guruganesh, Binghui Peng, and David Wajc. Stochastic Online Metric Matching. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 67:1-67:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{gupta_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.67,
  author =	{Gupta, Anupam and Guruganesh, Guru and Peng, Binghui and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Stochastic Online Metric Matching}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{67:1--67:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.67},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-106430},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.67},
  annote =	{Keywords: stochastic, online, online matching, metric matching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SOSA.2019.13
Simplified and Space-Optimal Semi-Streaming (2+epsilon)-Approximate Matching

Authors: Mohsen Ghaffari and David Wajc

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 69, 2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019)

Abstract
In a recent breakthrough, Paz and Schwartzman (SODA'17) presented a single-pass (2+epsilon)-approximation algorithm for the maximum weight matching problem in the semi-streaming model. Their algorithm uses O(n log^2 n) bits of space, for any constant epsilon>0. We present a simplified and more intuitive primal-dual analysis, for essentially the same algorithm, which also improves the space complexity to the optimal bound of O(n log n) bits - this is optimal as the output matching requires Omega(n log n) bits.
Cite as

Mohsen Ghaffari and David Wajc. Simplified and Space-Optimal Semi-Streaming (2+epsilon)-Approximate Matching. In 2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 69, pp. 13:1-13:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{ghaffari_et_al:OASIcs.SOSA.2019.13,
  author =	{Ghaffari, Mohsen and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Simplified and Space-Optimal Semi-Streaming (2+epsilon)-Approximate Matching}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Symposium on Simplicity in Algorithms (SOSA 2019)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-099-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{69},
  editor =	{Fineman, Jeremy T. and Mitzenmacher, Michael},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SOSA.2019.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-100396},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SOSA.2019.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: Streaming, Semi-Streaming, Space-Optimal, Matching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.7
Dynamic Matching: Reducing Integral Algorithms to Approximately-Maximal Fractional Algorithms

Authors: Moab Arar, Shiri Chechik, Sarel Cohen, Cliff Stein, and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
We present a simple randomized reduction from fully-dynamic integral matching algorithms to fully-dynamic "approximately-maximal" fractional matching algorithms. Applying this reduction to the recent fractional matching algorithm of Bhattacharya, Henzinger, and Nanongkai (SODA 2017), we obtain a novel result for the integral problem. Specifically, our main result is a randomized fully-dynamic (2+epsilon)-approximate integral matching algorithm with small polylog worst-case update time. For the (2+epsilon)-approximation regime only a fractional fully-dynamic (2+epsilon)-matching algorithm with worst-case polylog update time was previously known, due to Bhattacharya et al. (SODA 2017). Our algorithm is the first algorithm that maintains approximate matchings with worst-case update time better than polynomial, for any constant approximation ratio. As a consequence, we also obtain the first constant-approximate worst-case polylogarithmic update time maximum weight matching algorithm.
Cite as

Moab Arar, Shiri Chechik, Sarel Cohen, Cliff Stein, and David Wajc. Dynamic Matching: Reducing Integral Algorithms to Approximately-Maximal Fractional Algorithms. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 7:1-7:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{arar_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.7,
  author =	{Arar, Moab and Chechik, Shiri and Cohen, Sarel and Stein, Cliff and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Dynamic Matching: Reducing Integral Algorithms to Approximately-Maximal Fractional Algorithms}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-90112},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Dynamic, Worst-case, Maximum Matching, Maximum Weight Matching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.51
Fully-Dynamic Bin Packing with Little Repacking

Authors: Björn Feldkord, Matthias Feldotto, Anupam Gupta, Guru Guruganesh, Amit Kumar, Sören Riechers, and David Wajc

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
We study the classic bin packing problem in a fully-dynamic setting, where new items can arrive and old items may depart. We want algorithms with low asymptotic competitive ratio while repacking items sparingly between updates. Formally, each item i has a movement cost c_i >= 0, and we want to use alpha * OPT bins and incur a movement cost gamma * c_i, either in the worst case, or in an amortized sense, for alpha, gamma as small as possible. We call gamma the recourse of the algorithm. This is motivated by cloud storage applications, where fully-dynamic bin packing models the problem of data backup to minimize the number of disks used, as well as communication incurred in moving file backups between disks. Since the set of files changes over time, we could recompute a solution periodically from scratch, but this would give a high number of disk rewrites, incurring a high energy cost and possible wear and tear of the disks. In this work, we present optimal tradeoffs between number of bins used and number of items repacked, as well as natural extensions of the latter measure.
Cite as

Björn Feldkord, Matthias Feldotto, Anupam Gupta, Guru Guruganesh, Amit Kumar, Sören Riechers, and David Wajc. Fully-Dynamic Bin Packing with Little Repacking. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 51:1-51:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{feldkord_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.51,
  author =	{Feldkord, Bj\"{o}rn and Feldotto, Matthias and Gupta, Anupam and Guruganesh, Guru and Kumar, Amit and Riechers, S\"{o}ren and Wajc, David},
  title =	{{Fully-Dynamic Bin Packing with Little Repacking}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{51:1--51:24},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.51},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-90556},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.51},
  annote =	{Keywords: Bin Packing, Fully Dynamic, Recourse, Tradeoffs}
}
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